![]() An experimental program is conducted to verify the analytical models. A semi-empirical method, adapted from Miche's work, is used to approximate the effect of wave breaking. Inclusion of sloping face structures necessitates an estimation of the breaking losses incurred on the windward slope. The reflected, transmitted and internal wave amplitudes are determined by matching the general solutions at the sea-breakwater interfaces and requiring continuity of pressure and horizontal mass flux. Linear wave theory is assumed to apply outside the structure and the excitation is provided by a monochromatic incident wave. This yields a potential flow problem satisfied by an eigen series solution. The equations are linearized using a technique which approximates the known turbulent damping condition inside the structure. The theoretical development begins with the unsteady equations of motion for flow in the voids of an arbitrary porous structure. Waves are assumed to arrive at normal incidence. Three breakwater configurations are considered: 1) crib style breakwaters with vertical walls and homogeneous fill, 2) conventional trapezoidal shape breakwaters with layered fill, and 3) pile array breakwaters composed of vertical piles placed in symmetric patterns. The results are intended for use by coastal engineers to compare the effectiveness of alternative breakwater configurations, independent of repetitive experimental programs. The objective of this investigation is the development of a theoretical analysis to account for this phenomenon. Observations of breakwaters interacting with surface waves in laboratory models and in full scale field applications demonstrate that significant wave energy is transmitted through the interstices of structures commonly regarded as being impervious. Rubble mound breakwaters are designed to protect exposed marine areas from excessive wave activity.
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